Western Music History free essay sample

Music, much like most of what human beings have declared to be a form of art, has gone through thousands of years of evolution that it now no longer resembles much of what its pioneers intended to be. Indeed, the definition of music in itself along with Its performance and significance may vary according to different cultures and social contexts. It is this ambiguity that has allowed music to traverse not only physical boundaries but also to build bridges between gaps, whether it be culturally or even through a metaphysical period of time and space.It was, however, not always o black-and-white during the days of early musical revolution; it was even less of the case when It came to classical music. For the remainder of this thesis, I would Like to bring attention to four composers who I felt not only helped music evolve in terms of style, but also change the way the world will look at them, forever. We will write a custom essay sample on Western Music History or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page First, let us begin by defining what the various styles of classical music is, as well as their evolutions.Early Western classical music is divided into medieval, renaissance and baroque, the last of which is where this thesis will be delving into first before owing along the timeline, Mozart and Beethoven biographer Maynard Solomon has said that while the arguably two most famous composers of all time have helped popularize classical music amongst the general masses through various means of media, it is without a doubt that without the likes of Bach and his peers, there would have been no Gustavo Mailer or Richard Strauss. That would take place centuries after most of these composers have passed on. Nevertheless, how exactly did the composers of back then affect not only music, but people in general now? Richard Tarpaulins from the university of California argued that John Adams opera The Death of Cliffhanger was romanticism terrorists, and Australian-American composer Melissa Dungy has been frowned upon for using wordings from controversial speeches against neo-Baroque styled music for politically charged pieces. Did classical music really have a hand in the political or socio-economic scene of their time period?Let us take a look. Going not only in chronological order but also in terms of musical evolution, the first to come up would be a man known the world over by his last name: Johann Sebastian Bach. Such Is the legacy of the man that after over 200 years of his death, his middle and surname would be taken as the stage name of rock/metal band skid Rows frontal. While most people would assume a composer is merely someone who sits at a piano, Bach was in reality an organist, harpsichordist, violist and violinist.A pioneer of the Baroque period, Bach began musical tutelage under his father, a 1 OFF puns Johann Sebastian had to live with his brother Johann Christopher from the tender young age of 9 after his parents had passed away. Through his brother, who has an organ player in church and had himself studied under Johann Poachable, Bach began learning the clavichord before being given a scholarship to study music at the age of 14. This would later prove invaluable as it exposed him to a wider aspect of European culture, whilst rubbing shoulders with the sons of noblemen.Once free from his studies at SST. Michaels School in Lundeberg, each came into the employment of several churches and even one Duke Johann Ernst from Wiener. His dissatisfaction with his employers led him to seek a Job at SST. Ballasts, where not only did he have better working conditions, but it is also where e met his future wife Maria Barbara Bach. After convincing the church and city government to renovate the organ at the church, he in turn wrote his first hit Got 1st mien KÂ ¶nigh, Bow71- for the inauguration of the new council.In 1723, Bach began to get seriously busy and began rewriting his and other composers composition, this is a common practice in those days, it is known that Bachs technique of imitating and improvising is nearly as creative as an original composition. It was between 1722 and 1742 when Bach would write The Well-Tempered Clavier to demonstrate a technique allied equal temperament, which meant that all adjacent notes will have an identical frequency ratio, and doing so in all 24 major and minor keys.Due to this, most classically trained pianists can find their way between an F# and a b, which are two different notes although they are the same inharmoniously. Indeed, after his death, Beethoven called Bach the original father of harmony'(Schuster, 1903). After the passing of Bach in 1750, six years later a boy would be born also in Germany, and Just like Bach, have his first name given to the son of rock legend Eddie an Helen, and his middle name the title of a cult movie: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.Although widely regarded as someone from the classical era as opposed to Baroque as in the case of Bach, Mozart came from similar beginnings: his father was too a famous violinist. However, unlike Bach, Mozart needed not receive any musical e ducation; he was spotted as prodigy early on by his father at the tender age of 3, and already writing simple compositions by the age of 5. Along with his sister Maria Anna, nicknamed Manner, Mozart and family would travel across Europe to play in courts to the audience of several noblemen. Indeed, a particular influence on the puns Mozart would be to see one Johann Christian Bach, the youngest son of Johann Sebastian Bach, whom he met in London in 1764 and 1765. Touring back then was even more difficult than in todays time, as they constantly had to wait for reimbursement from the nobility as well as near-fatal illnesses that struck both the children as well as father Leopold. After returning from Italy on March 1773, Mozart, No had by now composed several operas, soon found appointment in the Salisbury court by employment of ruler Prince-Archbishop Hieronymus Colored.It was here hat Mozart developed some of his best works: five violin concertos, the only ones he aver wrote, as well as a K. 271, a piano concerto considered by many to be trade there as well as Paris, it would not be until his move to Vienna in 1781 after a falling out with his employer Archbishop Colored that Mozart would become the composer we know of him as today. This move is the revolutionary step i n his career, as well as his life (Solomon, 1995). He soon immersed himself in the works of Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frederic Handel, due to Gottfried van Sweeties owning many manuscripts of Baroque maestros. Needless to say, his knowledge of these pieces of work along with his prodigious skills made him a remarkably famous and successful composer, which in turn led him to becoming a Freemason in 1784. Towards the end of his life, Mozart returned to writing operas, writing the masterpieces The Marriage of Figaro and Don Giovanni before the Status-Turkish Near hindered his career. Indeed, a young Beethoven spent several weeks in Vienna hoping to study with him, although no records indicate that the two ever met. Alas, Mozart would fall ill on 6 September 1791 and die almost exactly 3 months later, on 5December at the age of 35. Nevertheless, when one door closes, another opens. This came in the form of a Polish composer by the name of FRRdrich Francis Chopin. Like Mozart, Chopin too Nas a prodigy, and likewise also received musical training from not only his father ho was a flautist and violinist, but also his mother who played the piano. Unlike Mozart, he did receive musical education from Czech composer Which Zany. Just like his predecessors, he started his career at the age of 7 by giving public concerts, before becoming a playmate to the son of Grand Duke Constantine, the RussianPoland ruler. By the autumn of 1826, Chopin began studies under the wing of composer JÂ ¶kef Lesser at the Warsaw Conservatory. Three years later, he would be premiering his Variations on L CIA dared la mono, Pop. 2 which is a variation of a theme from Mozart aforementioned Don Giovanni. The difference between Chopin and his virtuoso predecessors is that his income from teaching and composing allowed him to be financially independent of concert-giving, something Mozart and Bach were not so lucky to have. After leaving Poland for the very last time in 1831,Chopin became a French citizen and firmly established himself as one of Rupees premiere piano players and composers, playing pieces by Bach, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, and also his ow n. Combining elements of his traditional Polish folk music as well as from the composers above, Chopin ushered in a new age of music: the Romantic period. Alas, Just like many greats before and after him, Chopping health, Inch was already known to be very poorly since a very young age, deteriorated very quickly. On 17th October 1849, Chopin passed away with his sister Ludwig by his side.His cause of death has been thought to be tuberculosis, although it is debatable; it has since simply been known as Chopping disease. She then removed his heart and placed it in an urn, which is now interred in Warsaw Holy Cross church. It should be noted that his funeral was a grand affair, with entrance being restricted to ticket holders, as well as Mozart Requiem being Chopin was known for employing a rubout style of playing into his work, a style that Nas also prevalent in the works of Mozart before him.Fellow Romantic era composer Robert Schumann also noted that Chopin had a strong sense of Polish nationalism in IM; he once said in a review of Chopping concertos in 1836 that Now that the Poles are in deep mourning [after the failure of the 1830 rising], their appeal to us artists is even stronger if the mighty autocrat in the north [I. E. Tsar Alexander l] could know that in Chopping works, in the simple strains of his mazurka, there lurks a dangerous enemy, he would place a ban on his music. Chopping works are cannon buried in flowers! (Schumann, 1988).Last but not least, the composer who is considered to have bridged the gap between late 19th century and early 20th century Western classical music: Claude Debussy. Along with fellow composer Maurice Ravel, Debussy was one of the most prominent and influential composers of Impressionist music. Hailing from France, Debussy is the only one of the four composers Vie mentioned that came from a non-musical background; his father owned a shop which sold china and crockery, and his mother Nas a seamstress. He began taking violin lessons at the age of seven, who in turn drew the attention of supposed Chopin student Marie Matt De Belleville. At the age of 10, he enrolled in the Paris Conservatoire, where he spent 11 years studying and truck up a friendship with fellow student Isadora Philipp, who after Debussy death Mould be asked for advice on how to play his pieces. Although he played pieces by Beethoven, Schumann and Chopin in public, Debussy did not like to conform to the teachings of the Academy, instead using dissonance techniques and intervals which Newer considered unorthodox. Perhaps much too far ahead for his time, Debussy became very close to the patroness of famous Russian composer Tchaikovsky, who in turn regarded Debussy work as lacking unity.After exposure to late composer Richard Wagers work, he then set about working on his style: a sensory component to his music and striking harmonies. His initial works, including the now famous Claim De Lune, shows his usage of Parthian modal composition as well as scales not usually employed in the style of music in that day and age. His usage of parallel chords, hole -tone and pentatonic scales as well as unprepared modulations would be essential to Jazz music decades later. He also drew inspiration from other forms of art, such as literature and even from something as odd as mathematics.

History, Names, and Role of Dogs in Japanese Culture

History, Names, and Role of Dogs in Japanese Culture The Japanese word for dog is inu. You can write inu in either hiragana or kanji, but since the kanji character for dog is quite simple, try learning how to write it in kanji. Typical Japanese dogs include Akita, Tosa, and Shiba breeds. The onomatopoeic phrase for a dogs bark is wan-wan. In Japan, the dog is believed to have been domesticated as early as the Jomon period (10,000 B.C.). White dogs are thought to be especially auspicious and often appear in folk tales (such as Hanasaka jiisan). In the Edo period, Tokugawa Tsuneyoshi, the fifth shogun and an ardent Buddhist, ordered the protection of all animals, especially dogs. His regulations concerning dogs were so extreme that he was ridiculed as the Inu Shogun. A more recent story is the tale of Hachiko, the chuuken or faithful dog from the 1920s. Hachiko met his master at Shibuya station at the end of every workday. Even after his master died one day at work, Hachiko continued to wait at the station for 10 years. He became a popular symbol of devotion. After his death, Hachikos body was put in a museum, and there is a bronze statue of him in front of Shibuya station. Critical phrases referring to inu are as common in Japan as they are in the West. Inujini, to die like dog, is to die meaninglessly. To call someone a dog is to accuse him or her of being a spy or dupe. Inu mo arukeba bou ni ataru or when the dog walks, it runs across a stick is a common saying, meaning that when you walk outside, you could possibly meet with an unexpected fortune. Kobanashi: Ji no Yomenu Inu Here is a kobanashi (funny story) titled Ji no Yomenu Inu, or The Dog That Can’t Read.† Inu no daikiraina otoko ga, tomodachi ni kikimashita.†Naa, inu ga itemo heiki de tooreru houhou wa nai darou ka.†Ã¢â‚¬ Soitsu wa, kantanna koto sa.Te no hira ni tora to iu ji o kaite oite, inu ga itara soitsu o miseru n da.Suruto inu wa okkanagatte nigeru kara.†Ã¢â‚¬ Fumu fumu. Soitsu wa, yoi koto o kiita.†Otoko wa sassoku, te no hira ni tora to iu ji o kaite dekakemashita.Shibaraku iku to, mukou kara ookina inu ga yatte kimasu.Yoshi, sassoku tameshite yarou.Otoko wa te no hira o, inu no mae ni tsukidashimashita.Suruto inu wa isshun bikkuri shita monono, ookina kuchi o akete sono te o gaburi to kandan desu. Tsugi no hi, te o kamareta otoko ga tomodachi ni monku o iimashita.†Yai, oame no iu youni, te ni tora to iu ji o kaite inu ni meseta ga, hore kono youni, kuitsukarete shimatta wa.†Suruto tomodachi wa, kou iimashita.†Yare yare, sore wa fuun na koto da. Osoraku sono inu wa, ji no yomenu inu darou.† Grammar In the above story, â€Å"fumu fumu,† â€Å"yoshi,† and â€Å"yare yare† are Japanese interjections. â€Å"Fumu fumu† can be translated as, â€Å"Hmm,† or, â€Å"I see.† â€Å"Yare yare,† describes a sigh of relief. Here are some examples. Yoshi, sore ni kimeta: OK, I am sold on that idea!Yoshi, hikiukeyou: All right, I will take it on.Yare yare, yatto tsuita: Well, here we are at last.Yare yare, kore de tasukatta: Hallelujah! We are safe at last.

Canterbury Tales And Lady Bath Essay

Canterbury Tales And Lady Bath Essay Many characters in The Canterbury Tales are only described in the smallest detail. Only a handful are given a physical description and even fewer are actually given names to go by. A character that has a most descriptive detail and also one, whom has a name, is Alice, the Wife of Bath. This majestic lady is very proud of what she has accomplished in life. Also, to defend her ways she uses logic and reason, Chauncer also, never judges her like he does to many other characters, but lets her speak for herself. Although one would imagine the Lady of Bath to be ashamed of her way of life, she simply is not. With her four dead ex-husbands, she has received plenty of money and valuables. While married, Chauncer gives the impression that Alice also had many affairs. These affairs have almost definitely added to her personal wealth. Married now to her fifth husband, who is much younger, because of love and not just dependent on how much money he has. Throughout Alices storytelling, the characters tend to attack her. She simply comes back using simple logic and reasoning. Her basic method of thinking is that if god did not want one to have sex, he would not of given the human race the ability to do so. The ladies behaviour is also very up-front and she enjoys talking a great deal. Yet with having this sort of an attitude, it gives the reader a real look at one of the most described and interesting characters that Chauncer writes about. Most other characters from The Canterbury Tales are judged by Chauncers personal standards and the standards from that particular time period. Alice, the Wife of Bath however, is not judged like this. Chauncer lets the reader decide how to judge her and create her image. He also uses very little irony and sarcasm when he, and other characters talk about Alice. Chauncer simply lets the reader decide how to judge her from telling of her behaviour that was most unusual for that time period. The reader can easily create an accurate judgment of her, mainly because of her up-front attitude towards many aspects of life. As seen, the great Alice, Wife of Bath, is proud of her lifestyle and will go to great lengths to defend it. She is also the only character that the reader can judge for himself or herself with little input from Chauncer. Perhaps being the most described character from the novel gives one the impression that she could also be one of the most important. Her introduction in the prologue, which is one of the longest, also indicated this. All of these characteristics combined; let one visualize a grand picture of this lady.

Togther we stand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Togther we stand - Essay Example To substantiate the hypothesis, the necessary research was made, with the assistance of some people in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). With the help of monitoring devices, such as gas analyzers and detectors, the toxic fumes being emitted by the company were identified. The findings revealed that the level of poisonous chemicals being emitted is way above acceptable levels. The EPA concluded that the pollution that resulted from the operations of the gas company is indeed detrimental to the health of the residents. They have slowly polluted the air, soil and water. The results of the research were showed to the city health administrators and some doctors and they all agreed that there is a direct link between the pollutants and the health problems currently being suffered by our community members. The city health officials presented data on the rising incidences of asthma, pneumonia and other respiratory illnesses and skin diseases ever since the gas company started operat ions. Given the above scenario, this letter was decided to be written to ask for support in this fight against air pollution. To address this urgent issue, it is kindly suggest that community leaders, together with the city health administrators and government representatives from the EPA to meet with the management of the gas company and inform them of the findings regarding their emissions and how it has affected the health of our residents. It is important that data to this effect be presented to them to support the veracity of our claim. It is but proper to require the gas company to disclose the amount of toxins and chemicals that they emit. They should come out with a plan on how to reduce and manage their wastes and emissions so as not to adversely affect the health of the residents within the community where they operate. They should at the very least deliberate on ways on reducing their greenhouse gas emissions. Other companies have

How to buy a car Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

How to buy a car - Essay Example Estimate a figure for yourself, with a range of the lowest and highest amount you, are prepared to pay for the car. Under no conditions should you go out of this range as it will ensure you do not spend more than you can afford. The next step in purchasing a car is to research online for car dealers near your locality that sell the type of car you want. Searching for dealers near you is advisable as it eases the purchasing process at a later time. Once you have identified dealers near you that have the car that you need, contact them through the internet or by phone and request for full details about the car including the quotation. Thoroughly go through the car details to ensure it has all the features you want. The fourth step entails doing further research on the price and characteristics of the car. You can go to the manufacture’s website to determine if the dealers are authorized dealers. Authorized dealers tend to give better discounts and also give promotional products as compared to dealers who might be brokers. You must carry out further research on the prices of the car type that you want and compare its features with that of other manufacturers to determine it is of the right worth. At this stage, you must have a range for the actual car price. Once you have determined the lowest price that you can get for the car, bargain with the dealers to ensure that you get a good price. You must not fear to bargain. You can go up to the level of pitting two dealers together by sending them low quotations from other dealers. At this stage eliminate some dealers who are rather uncooperative or have high price quotations, and single out at most three dealers who you will bargain  with later. Once you get the best prices from the dealers move to the next step The sixth step is where you bargain for tradeoffs and financing with the dealers. Ask for best prices for your trade and do some online research to determine

Caring for populations Essay Example for Free

Caring for populations Essay Introduction A community health nurse must be effective in targeting the population as a whole. The nurse will determine the needs for the community by using the data compiled from a windshield survey. As stated in the text, â€Å"A population focus also involves a scientific approach to community health nursing: an assessment of the community or population is necessary and basic to planning, intervention, and evaluation for the individual, family, aggregate, and population levels† (Nies McEwen, 2011). The purpose of this paper is to establish a priority health problem of the community of Harlingen, based on demographic, epidemiological data and a windshield survey of the area. Community The community assessment for this project is Harlingen, Texas. According to the 2010 United States Census Bureau, its population is about 64,918 of which 47.8% are male and 52.2% are female. The density is approximately 1629.1 residents per square mile. The racial makeup is 1.0% Black or African American, 79.5% Hispanic or Latino, 18.0% White, 1.9% from two or more races, 1.3% Asian, 0.1% Native American. The median household income, 2008-2012 was $34,096 in Harlingen, compared to $51,563 in the state of Texas. The percentage of persons below poverty level from 2008-2012 was 33.2% in Harlingen, compared to 17.4% in Texas. The city of Harlingen is in the center of the Rio Grande Valley. It is a community which has a transient population of â€Å"Winter Texans.† These Winter Texans are generally retirees from the northern states, who come to the warmer climates to escape  the winter weather of their home states, usually between November and March. Harlingen has one mall, two medical hospitals and one mental health state facility, two libraries, one community college and numerous schools from primary to high school levels. Demographic and Epidemiological According to the website, County Health Rankings Roadmaps, for Cameron County in 2014, teen pregnancy is measured by the teen birth rate per 1,000 female population, ages 15-19. The number for Cameron county teen births is 80, the number for Texas as a state is 57. There is poor quality of life in relation to health in Cameron County. 30% of the population has poor or fair health, compared to 18% in Texas. Cameron County also has an adult obesity rate of 27%, 21% of physical inactivity while there is 69% of access to exercise opportunities. 16% of the population suffers from excessive drinking and 396 counts of sexually transmitted infections. 36% of the population is uninsured, 86% graduated high school, 10.5% are unemployed and there are a whopping 48% of children in poverty, which has increased from the 2008-2012 numbers. The top causes of mortality in Texas are diseases of the heart, followed by Cancers and Respiratory diseases. Windshield survey During the observation of Harlingen for the Windshield Survey project, overweight residents were visible. The majority of the population is Hispanics, most were slightly overweight and appear relatively healthy. There are nursing homes and assisted living facilities in the community and they are mainly Hispanic and White older adults who are a mix of thin and frail to obese and unhealthy. Women are seen pushing strollers on the jogging trails, while the young children play in the parks. There are groups of teens who play football and basketball in the same area. In the residential areas, some people can be seen outside maintaining their properties, while other properties are dilapidated. The general appearance of the residents are healthy, with some being overweight. I have seen a few multimedia billboards for the local hospital, which is displaying an ad for bariatric surgery, which is appropriate for the current overweight population. Harlingen has some city parks and Boys and Girls clubs and numerous gyms in the area that are heavily utilized. The restaurants in the  area are mainly along the expressway and lining the few main streets around town. There is no food sold along the street, but people can be seen sitting in the parks eating meals. In Harlingen, the population is overweight Hispanics and Whites who have access to healthcare and wellness measures, as it is advertised constantly. There is adequate transportation and resources available for the population. Problem As stated before, Cameron County has an adult obesity rate of 27%, 21% of physical inactivity while there is 69% of access to exercise opportunities. While the averages for the state of Texas are 29%, 24% and 74%, respectively. Cameron County also has a limited access to healthy foods, 16% and 21% food insecurity and a mere 17% of children are eligible for free lunch. Since Harlingen and Cameron County have high obesity rates compared to the rest of the state, the Healthy People 2020 objectives applicable for Harlingen include: NWS-11 (Developmental) Prevent inappropriate weight gain in youth and adults and NWS-9 Eliminate very low food security among children. (Healthy People 2020, 2014) While these are two distinct objectives they are connected, much education will be need to be done to ensure change. The community needs to be educated and held accountable for their actions, at times they are unaware of how much damage an unhealthy diet can do. The Community Health Nurse must prepare for these challenges and have a good understanding of how to present information that will gain the interest of the population. A community health nurse must be well versed in the numerous efforts that are starting to prevent childhood obesity. There are new physical education requirements, nutrition standards for beverages and foods sold in school, to community initiatives to expand bike paths and improve recreational facilities (Koplan, Liverman Kraak, 2005). â€Å"Families need to make their homes to more conducive to a healthful diet and daily physical activity (Koplan, Liverman Kraak, 2005). The nurse will need to get out to the community via health fairs, school assemblies, media outlets, etc. to get the message out there. Education on making healthy choices, getting adequate exercise and making small adjustments to their daily lives will help. According to the article, Relative and Absolute Availability of Healthier Food and Beverage Alternatives Across  Communities in the United States, there was a study that was conducted on 3 years of data from the Bridging the Gap Community Obesity Measures Project. It stated the mean healthier food and beverage ratio was 0.71, meaning that stores averaged 29% fewer healthier than less healthy products. There were less availability of healthy alternatives in Hispanic communities (2014). Summary The community health nurse needs to be an expert in assessing and diagnosing health concerns in the community to be able to set realistic goals that will maintain the health of the population. Health promotion, education and community involvement are crucial. â€Å"Nutritional education is essential and must include parents, teachers, and the child† (Nies McEwen, 2011). The community should know and understand the food pyramid, how to make healthy choices and the importance of balancing intake and exercise. References County Health Rankings Roadmaps. (n.d.). Retrieved November 20, 2014, from http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/app/texas/2014/rankings/cameron/county/outcomes/overall/snapshot Koplan, J., Liverman, C.T., Kraak, V.I., Institute of Medicine, (.(U.S.). (2005). Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. Nies, M. A., McEwen, M. (2011). Community/Public Health Nursing (5th ed.). MO: Elsevier. Nutrition and Weight Status. (n.d.). Retrieved November 20, 2014, from http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/nutrition-and-weight-status/objectives United States Census Bureau. (n.d.). Retrieved November 20, 2014, from http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/48/4832372.html Zenk,S.N., Powell, L.M., Rimkus, L., Isgor,Z., Barker,D.C., Ohri-Vachaspati,P., Chaloupka, F. (2014). Relative and Absolute Availability of Healthier Food and Beverage Alternatives Across Communities in the United States. American Journal Of Public Health , 104(11), 2170-2178. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014-302113

The Role of Women in The Zoo Story Essay -- Zoo Story Essays

The Role of Women in The Zoo Story Although the women characters in "The Zoo Story" are never front and center staged, they have leading roles in shaping the conditions and sensibilities of Jerry and Peter. The women referred to by each of the male characters affects, or has affected, their perceptions and routines in life. Jerry has had many encounters with various women, while Peter speaks only of three. The quantity of women roles in each man's life is not the dominate cause of their behaviors; it is the quality of the women. In "The Zoo Story" the women "backstage" are unseen influences that cloud reality for Jerry and Peter. The few women in Peter's life keep him relatively tamed. He is the male underdog of the household, surrounded by a wife and two daughters. Indicated by the dialog, Peter does not appear to be an assertive man. The women of the house are the dominate decision-makers. . .cats instead of dogs, two parakeets (one for each daughter), two television sets (one for the children). They represent the middle-class, happy family, ...

Marketing Principles Essay

1.1 Explain the various elements of the marketing process. Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering and exchanging offers that have value for customer, clients, partners and society at large. (Williams, 2013) Marketing Process: Situation analysis focuses more on the possible opportunities that will satisfy a customer’s need. This depends on how the product can influence the a specific environment and how the product can control you a specific group you want to target. It is being familiar with the SWOT forces. Marketing strategies is a process that specifies the information of the market to obtain its effectiveness.   Segmentation involves dividing the market into groups, where individuals have similar needs and wants for services and products. It could also be a segmentation of people on the basis of behavior, culture and economic status. (Rajeev, 2012) Targeting also known as the target market is the potential consumers of a product/service. Targeting helps tap the subset of the customer population most likely to purchase and use the product to effectively achieve maximum sales and profits. (Johnson, 2012) Positioning is how you want to be perceived in the minds of prospects versus your competition. It is also creating a positive image in the minds of the target market. Value Proposition pertains on how you want your consumers distinguish you from your competitors and make it obvious you are the best available choice. This marketing strategy summarizes what makes your product/service unique as it relates to addressing specific customer decision making criteria. It must be all about what’s important to them – your prospects. (Core Marketing Strategies, 2013) Market mix decision is a general phrase used to describe the different kinds of choices organizations have to make in the whole process of bringing a product or service to market. The 4 Ps is the best known way of defining marketing mix: (P.1) Product refers to any services or conveniences that are part of the offering. (P.2) Pricing should take into account profit margins and the probable pricing response of competitors. (P-3) Place is associated with channels of distribution that serve as the means for getting the product to the target consumers. (P-4) Promotions are those related to communicating and selling to the potential consumers. This includes advertising, public relations, media types, etc. (Internet Center for Management and Business Administration, Inc., 1999-2010) 1.2 Evaluate the benefits and costs of marketing orientation for a selected organization. Jollibee is our chosen food organization. It is the largest fast food chain in the Philippines, operating a nationwide network of over 750 stores. It is a dominant market leader in the Philippines. It is a family oriented work environment, the brand’s values also reflect on their advertising and marketing. Jollibee knows their target audience very well: the traditional family and all communication materials focus on the importance of family values. Jollibee is so well-loved every time a new store opens, especially overseas. It is a stronghold of heritage and monument of Filipino pride. (Jollibee Foods Corporation, 2013) The primary target market of Jollibee are Filipino kids ages 3-10y/o, teens ranging 11-21y/o can either be male or female; Filipino families even the senior citizen. Social classes C, D and E; and those looking for budget-friendly quick meals. In comparison from Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, eating in a fast-food chain w/o asking for money makes an individual happy, falls under self-actualization needs. Eating in Jollibee with family and friends makes people feel loved and accepted. That is a social need or feeling the sense of belongingness and love. Lastly, the need to satisfy ones hunger and in order to survive, it is the physiological need on an individual. The target market prefers Jollibee because the food are unique and has an appealing taste, foods can be easily served, foods are affordable, there a lots of variants the people can choose from, the mileau is very homey, the customer service is very family-oriented, and families, friends and colleagues can enjoy this together. Being the pioneer in fast-food industry, Jollibee had the majority in the marketing opportunity. Jollibee was able to capture 65% of the market share in hamburger market in the Philippines. The JFC reported 82 billion pesos by the end of 2011. Based on the annual report of JFC, Jollibee earned 50 billion pesos revenue on 2011. (Esberto, 2012) The product offered by Jollibee appeals to the Filipinos taste for spicy burgers. By concentrating its resources on satisfying the Filipino palate, Jollibee has been able to serve localized dishes that are unlikely found in other fast-food chains in the Philippines. In addition to that, offering the usual French fries that accompany the meals found in McDonald’s, KFC, Burger King and so forth. Jollibee also serves rice or spaghetti, Filipino style Even the burgers are cooked exactly as Filipinos want them done- sweeter and with more seasonings, often likened to what a Filipino mother would cook at home. It even incorporated recipes from employees to truly capture local tastes. The company’s phenomenal growth owes much to its strict and committed adherence to high standards as symbolized by â€Å"F.S.C†: Food (F) served to the public must meet the company’s excellence standards or it will not be served at all; the Service (S) must be fast and courteous; and Cleanliness  ©, from kitchen to utensils, must always be maintained. As for pricing, it is closely related to customer satisfaction. Thus, JFC provides its high quality fast-food products at a relatively cheaper price. According to its commitment to serve each and every Filipino, Jollibee keeps things affordable at all. The â€Å"DLSU SSURVEY† shows that, 94% of Jollibee’s customers think it’s affordable or cheaper. Figure [ 1 ]: Benefit Positioning vs. Brand Matrix The location of outlet is of key importance to the marketing strategy of Jollibee. It has established a large number of outlets to state that they care about the accessibility of fast-food outlet and 72% is satisfied that Jollibee maintained it very well. Overseas, the outlet in Hong Kong is located at Central where a large number of Filipinos gather. It is an example of Jollibee’s good placing strategy. Recently, to capture more share from their customer’s wallet, Jollibee introduced home service. Loyal customers, for some reason who can’t get out of home but want to have a bite of Jollibee, can now avail their products via phone call. They also provide drive-thru’s for their customers who are in a rush and can’t get out of their car and line-up. Jollibee management carefully selects their franchisors to make sure they can meet its standard. To be a franchisee of Jollibee, one has to invest 15-30 million pesos. Brands in local market are strong contenders and not to be underestimated. Jollibee often have the advantage of intimate knowledge of consumer tastes and consumer preference through local pride. Jollibee used the wave of nationalist pride to promote a Filipino brand of hamburger. This strategy met with great success. Investing in socio-civic programs designed to serve its host communities further secured Jollibee’s position as a Filipino company for the Filipinos. Advocacy campaigns such as the early Christmas drive â€Å"ma-Aga ang pasko sa Jollibee†, again endorsed by Aga Muhlach, the poverty housing project with habitat. For humanity, the â€Å"Kaya Mo Yan Kid Campaign†, it encourages kids to show their potentials that will contribute to the company’s overall success, not only with its customers but with all its stakeholders. Family is a key component for Jollibee’s promotion. They just simply don’t want to cater food and service but they wanted to be a part of every Filipino family. Its quality customer service of being family-oriented is one key to their success. While McDonald’s promotion focuses on the empowerment of young adults to enjoy life by means of eating their products. Jollibee’s rapid growth is due to its superior menu line-up, creative marketing programs, and efficient manufacturing and logistics facilities. It is made possible by well-trained teams that work in a culture of integrity and humility, fun and family-like environment. As a corporate citizen, Jollibee is also committed to give back to its host communities through meaningful and lasting socio-civic projects. (Sakib, 2011) Jollibee was able to attain a competitive advantage in the Philippines over McDonald’s by doing following things: Jollibee was the first to enter the market. It was able to retain tight control over operations management, which allowed it to price below its competitor. And, it had the flexibility to cater to the tastes of its local consumers. From the very beginning Jollibee Foods Corporation had focused on delivering quality food and service at an affordable cost to the customers. This had been possible only due to excellent operational control. Jollibee enjoyed a dominant position in the fast food market in Philippines until McDonalds entered the market. They focused on their main asset, their knowledge of taste and preferences of the local population. [ (Andrew, 2011) ] 2.1 Show macro and micro environmental factors which influence marketing decisions. The marketing environment consists of all the actors and forces outside marketing that affect the marketing management’s ability to develop and maintain successful relationships with its target customers. Though these factors and forces may vary depending on the specific company and industrial group, they can generally be divided into broad micro environmental and macro environmental components. Micro environmental components are: Company-top management is responsible for setting the company’s mission, objectives, broad strategies, and policies. Marketing managers must make decisions within the parameters established by top management. Marketing managers must also work closely with other company departments. Areas such as finance, R & D, purchasing, manufacturing, and accounting all produce better results when aligned by common objectives and goals. All departments must â€Å"think consumer† if the firm is to be successful. The goal is to provide superior customer value and satisfaction. Suppliers-are firms and individuals that provide the resources needed by the company and its competitors to produce goods and services. They are an important link in the company’s overall customer â€Å"value delivery system.† Marketing channel firms (intermediaries)-firms that help the company to promote, sell, and distribute its goods to final buyer. Customer markets-consumer markets, individuals and households that buy goods and services for personal consumption. Business markets, those who buy goods and services for further processing or for use in their production process. Reseller markets, those who buy goods and services in order to resell them at a profit. Government markets, agencies that buy goods and services in order to produce public services or transfer them to those that need them. International markets, buyers of all types in foreign countries Competitors-A company must secure a strategic advantage over competitors by positioning their offerings to be successful in the marketplace. No single competitive strategy is best for all company. Publics – Any group that has an actual or potential interest in or impact on an organization’s ability to achieve its objectives. A company should prepare a marketing plan for all of their major publics as well as their customer markets. Macro environmental components are thought to be: Demographic-the study of human populations in terms of size, density, location, age, sex, race occupation, and other statistics. It is of major interest to marketers because it involves people and people make up markets. Demographic trends are constantly changing Economic-those factors that affect consumer purchasing power and spending patterns. Natural-natural resources that are needed as inputs by marketers or that are affected by marketing activities Technological-forces that create new technologies, creating new product and market opportunities Political-laws, government agencies, and pressure groups that influence and limit various organizations and individuals in a given society. Various forms of legislation regulate business Cultural forces-institutions and other forces that affect society’s basic values, perceptions, preferences, and behaviors. Certain cultural characteristics can affect marketing decision-making The wise marketing manager knows that he or she cannot always affect environmental forces. However, smart managers can take a proactive, rather than reactive, approach to the marketing environment. (Kotler, 2012) 2.2 Propose segmentation criteria to be used for products in different markets. To ensure that the market segments that have been constructed by the firm, they must meet the basic requirements and guidelines, which will make them usable segments and potential target markets. (Market Segmentation Study Guide, 2012) An ideal market segment meets all of the following criteria: (1) It is possible to measure, (2) it must be large enough to earn profit, (3) it must be stable enough that it does not vanish after some time, (4) it is possible to reach potential customers via the organization’s promotion and distribution channel, (5) it is internally homogeneous (potential customers in the same segment prefer the same product qualities, (6) it is externally heterogeneous, that is, potential customers from different segments have different quality preferences, (7) it responds consistently to a given market stimulus, (8) it can be reached by market intervention in a cost-effective manner and (9) it is useful in deciding on the marketing mix. (Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 2013) 2.3 Choose a targeting strategy for a selected product or service. Kitchner had the goal of making Jollibee one of the world’s top ten fast food brands by the year 2000. In his plan to increase international expansion, he implemented two strategies, â€Å"targeting expats† and â€Å"planting the flag†. His plan of â€Å"targeting expats† allows the company transition into an unfamiliar market much easier because expatriate Filipinos working in other countries could relate to Jollibee’s. Though there is a huge risk of targeting a narrow segment, Jollibee’s local success allows for momentum to generate the expansion and growth of the company. However, Kitchner quickly found out that this market was limited and that not all the overseas Filipinos were potential customers. (Paul, 2011) On the other hand, Kitchner’s decision to â€Å"plant the flag† is to leverage Jollibee’s competitive advantage by entering new geographic market, his rapid expansion strategy was unfocused and poorly executed. He also neglected to consider the large transaction costs associated with establishing markets in new countries. Kitchner’s desire to be first-mover in a number of small, undeveloped markets would not have brought the prestige needed to win the firm better partners. â€Å"Planting the flag† only showed that Jollibee knew how to repeat its success. In order to compete on the level with multinationals, Jollibee would have to take its performance to the next step and prove that it could continue to build its competitive advantage. (Tran, 2005) 2.4 Demonstrate how buyer behavior affects marketing activities in different buying situations. Buying behavior is made up of the internal and external factors that explain why consumers buy and use certain products or services. This type of behavior can affect the marketing strategy that a business employs to promote its products, and when this behavior is analyzed, it can guide a business toward better marketing strategies and methods that it might not have originally used. Supply and Demand is one of the basic economic theories that drive marketing of which consists of a ratio between the amounts of supply versus the amount of demand for that supply. Two supply and demand situations can majorly affect the type of marketing you employ for your goods. These situations include when a product or service is in abundant supply and demand is scarce or when a product or service is scarce and there is increased demand for it. Routine buying behavior is the programmed response that consumers may have to certain types of products. Usually these products are not expensive, such as cars or computers, and can include anything that is commonly bought on a week-to-week basis. Complex Decision-Making is another type of buyer behavior which is usually associated with high-end, expensive or scarce products such as diamonds, fine wine or automobiles. This behavior often comes with high involvement on the consumer’s part in that he will generally want to thoroughly research the product and differences between brands before he makes a decision on which one to buy. Internal Factors that marketers need to be aware of can also affect a consumer’s buying process. These elements — personal, psychological and social — guide buying behaviors and consumption patterns and can be a valuable tool to creating better marketing strategies on the seller’s side. For example, a consumer may opt for a specific brand of cola because of provocative advertising that may make that consumer feel â€Å"sexy† for drinking it, versus buying another brand of cola that uses nonsexual advertising. Delivering the feeling you want experienced when a consumer uses your product is imperative to a good marketing mix of strategies. (Vogt, 1999-2013) 2.5 Positioning selected product/service. Ensuring high traffic needs an emphasis on store location and positioning Jollibee in the minds of the consumers as a place where they can enjoy eating fast food. This entails proper branding and positioning of the services/products offered. Jollibee Foods Corporation brought to everyone’s lips the promise of LANGHAP SARAP (smells so good so it must taste good) Jollibee also projected itself as a world-class brand by expanding its market overseas. Its nationalist view is a key fact. Personnel at Jollibee communicate with customers in local language rather than English unlike to its competitor such as McDonald’s. It provides more homely environment than competitors with tailored food menu to meet the local people’s needs. Jollibee is a super place for children that has ever been. Children can come with their parents and play here while being served with special items made for them. Also, Jollibee facilitates party arrangements for its consumers. Thus, the value proposition of Jollibee that distinguished it from its competitors is, â€Å"Jollibee provide special Philippines’ meal at a cheaper price in a very much homely environment and is a place where people come for joy†. (Sakib, 2011) Bibliography Andrew, 2011. Jollibee – Case Study Analysis | Research Paper. [Online] Available at: http://www.allfreepapers.com/print/Jollibee–Case-Study-Analysis/1794.html [Accessed 6 February 2013]. Anon., 2013. Wikipedia. [Online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jollibee_Foods_Corporation [Accessed 2 February 2013]. Anon., 2013. Imperial College London. [Online] Available at: http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/capitalprojects/projectprocedures/processes/pm/1.40 [Accessed 2 February 2013]. Core Marketing Strategies, 2013. Business Marketing Plan. [Online] Available at: http://www.coremarketingstrategies.com/business-marketing-plan.html [Accessed January 2013]. Esberto, E. F., 2012. 10 Steps Marketing Plan of Jollibee Foods Corportation. [Online] Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/ElainroseEsberto/10-steps-marketing-plan-jollibee [Accessed 6 February 2013]. Internet Center for Management and Business Administration, Inc., 1999-2010. The Marketing Mix. [Online] Available at: http://www.quickmba.com/marketing/mix/ [Accessed January 2013]. Johnson, P., 2012. Buzzle. [Online] Available at: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/target-marketing-strategy.html [Accessed January 2013]. Jollibee Foods Corporation, 2013. About Us | Jollibee. [Online] Available at: http://www.jollibee.com.ph/about-us [Accessed 2 February 2013]. Jollibee Foods Corporation, 2013. About us | Jollibee Foods Corporation. [Online] Available at: http://www.jollibee.com.ph/about-us [Accessed 1 February 2013]. Kotler, P., 2012. Marketing Micro and Micro Environment. [Online] Available at: http://www.scribd.com/doc/22543929/Marketing-Micro-and-Macro-Environment [Accessed 6 February 2013]. Market Segmentation Study Guide, 2012. Criteria for Effective Segmentation. [Online] Available at: http://www.segmentationstudyguide.com/understanding-market-segmentation/crite ria-for-effective-market-segmentation/ [Accessed 6 February 2013]. Paul, 2011. Case Study: Jollibee Foods Corporation (A): International Expansion. [Online] Available at: http://allbestessays.com/Business/Case-Study-Jollibee-Foods-Corporation/11945.html [Accessed 6 February 2013]. Rajeev, L., 2012. Buzzle. [Online] Available at: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/market-segmentation-strategy.html [Accessed January 2013]. Sakib, N., 2011. Jollibee Foods Corporation. [Online] Available at: http://www.docstoc.com/docs/88862150/Jollibee-Foods-Corporation [Accessed 6 February 2013]. Sakib, N., 2011. Jollibee Foods Corporation. [Online] Available at: http://www.docstoc.com/docs/88862150/Jollibee-Foods-Corporation [Accessed 6 February 2013]. Tran, M. A., 2005. proJollibee. [Online] Available at: https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:dJ58omTFofYJ:www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~matran/Files/proJollibee.doc+&hl=en&gl=ph&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShpGDHLcTB5xTtp6Jn_o7VQ9T3biGQO2otrRWvxB4rP8lNMSAh6IeiwzPsfhq83y3bV931_rOjRLigmb014tYUI-A8YGpkNcAMKFQMPbbNd9cbzqt3h6T [Accessed 6 February 2013]. Vogt, C., 1999-2013. How the Buyer’s Behavior Affects Marketing Activities. [Online] Available at: http://www.ehow.com/info_8749189_buyers-behavior-affects-marketing-activities.html [Accessed 7 February 2013]. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 2013. Market Segmentation – Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. [Online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_segmentation [Accessed 6 February 2013]. Williams, D. K. C., 2013. COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION. [Online] Available at: http://www.csustan.edu/market/williams/3410intr.htm [Accessed

The Forever Changing Events of the 1950’s -1990’s

The Forever changing Events of the 1950’s -1990’s Throughout the last fifty years there are many events that significantly shaped who we are today and changed America’s future greatly. Throughout these decades the American experience has greatly varied. There were several wars such as the Cold War, Vietnam War, and the Gulf War all which took its own toll on the American people and their economy. The civil rights movement, protest, and demonstrations throughout the decades were validated by the impact they left. Through the various presidents we witnessed many scandals and terminologies that remain and affect America today. McCarthyism, Cold War Ideology, Eisenhower’s politics, The New Frontier, and Reaganomics will stick with the American people forever. These are chain of events that constantly shaped our country for what it is today. This paper will hit on a few of these events that had the most powerful effects on the American People and the economy. McCarthyism/ â€Å"The Red Scare† of The1950’s Cold War ideology crystallized after the end of World War II. After World WarII, Americans began to be very afraid of communists taking over the United States. American referred to communist as â€Å"reds† this symbolized the communist as worse than urderers. At one point during World War II the United States had an alliance with Russia and Britain; however that alliance ended as America began to rebuild and Europe continued to struggle. A power struggle known as the Cold War began between the United States and Russia creating more fear in the American people of communism. Americ ans became more and more suspicious of the Soviets; Americans thought being associated with the communist were as bad as being one yourself. The fear and concern p. 2 The Forever changing Events of the 1950’s -1990’s rose amongst the Americans fro communism which caused mass suspicion. The Truman doctrine was put into place by President Truman. The doctrine enforced loyalty against communism. Many were being accused of being connected to communism or communist with no real evidence, in that came the Red Scare. The Red Scare or McCarthyism Era is a termed used to describe anti-communism era of the 50’s which was named after Joseph McCarthy. He was a former U. S. Senator who used the public’s fears against communism to gain political standing. He claimed to have a list of suspected communists. He accused many in and out of governmental positions of being communist or having commingled ith communist. There was and is no real evidence to base his claims. This caused a great deal of miss trust for the American people and the government and caused a great deal of social issues. The senate held hearings and along with McCarthy and the HAUC many were black listed. McCarthyism had a major hand in the change in feelings America had about both politics and socie ty. The Civil Rights Movements of the 1960’s In the 1960’s racial challenges was discouraging and overtaking the society. The African Americans bore the antagonistic reaction to the economy and were racially segregated in every way from society. Their civil rights were violated and were not part of the national agenda for change. The African American race was usually referred to as â€Å"Negro† or â€Å"Colored. † The Civil rights of the 1960’s came with a high price. In spite of The Declaration of Independence which states â€Å"All men are created equal† the injustice that the African Americans endured was one that wasn’t easily spoken out about. There were risk that took place in standing up for their right, many gave everything they had p. The Forever changing Events of the 1950’s -1990’s and lost everything, if not their lives. They endured and stayed committed to change this injustice. In effort to build a coalition for racial equality many of races and creed gave up their place in society and thousands lost their lives. There were strong black men and women that played key figures in the Civil rights movement they were Dr. Martin Luther King, Malcolm X, Rosa Parks, Emm ett Till, and Dorothy Height. In 1967 The Detroit Riot took place because police raided a local illegal drinking hole for African Americans. In The 1963 March on Washington there was an estimated 250,000 people who gathered for a peaceful demonstration to promote Civil Rights and economic equality for African Americans. This is where Dr. Martin Luther King gave his famous â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech took place. During the civil rights movement many demonstrations, protest, and riots took place and was successful in the coalition for racial equality. The Watergate Scandal of 1970’s The 60’s were full of chaos many thought that the chaos of the war and the social changes made would carry on into the 70’s. The Vietnam War continued to divide the ountry. It was at war that many contested and by the early 70’s many of the American people views were begining to change. Daniel Ellsberg turned over secret Pentagon reports to new paper. President Nixon could not stop the publications of these pentagon papers and it infuriated him. President Nixon had a group who were called the â€Å"Plumbersâ €  because they fixed the leaks in The Whitehouse. They set out to discredit Ellsberg and with a job well done they were assigned a new job. They were in charge of derailing the democratic ticket. The Plumbers broke into the Democratic National . 4 The Forever changing Events of the 1950’s -1990’s Committee and bugged the office. A security guard spotted the men and called the police. The Plumbers were apprehended. All of this was going on while President Nixon was seeking his second term as President. President Nixon was re-elected by a landslide. As the time passed and the break in was investigated it was traced back to the officials of the CREEP, which was the committee to re-elect the president. President Nixon denied any involvement to the break ins. The president was forced to turn recordings which directly ndicated him and that he tried to cover the entire thing up. The break in’s became known as the Watergate Scandal. Watergate was known for the fall of President Richard Nixon. In 1974 the courts named President Nixon as a co-conspirator in the obstruction of justice over the Watergate matter scandal. President Nixon feared impeachment and on August 8, 1974 he announced his resignation. 1980’s Reaganomics In the 1980 Ronald Reagan was elected president during what was considered the worst recession since the great deppression . He came in with a plan to fix the deficit introducing The Economic Recovery Act. This plan would restore the economy over and within the next three years. President Reagan truly believed that economy needed awakening. In the Economic Recovery Act the income bracket would receive a twenty five percent tax cut, breaking down to five percent the first year and ten percent the next two years. Many American felt as though the president was favoring the upper class by cutting the top rated tax by twenty percent yearly. Through the recovery act wealthy people could grow more wealth and create more business’s therefore stimulating the economy. By creating more business’s it would in turn create more jobs and drive the p. 5 The Forever changing Events of the 1950’s -1990’s prices down. Reagan's Economy Recovery Act was passed on July 29, 1981 it did boost the economy but failed at repairing the deficit. Unemployment and poverty was on the rise, the president had taken a huge chance with the tax cut, and it was the largest tax cut ever. His theory was based on supply-side economics. Today we know it as â€Å"Reaganomics† Unfortunately President Reagan did not understand that in order for the tax cut to work spending would have to be cut. Budgets were cut but do to the high amount President Reagan spent on military issues the budget did not balance out. Reagan's Economy Recovery Act affected Americans in many ways good and bad. The people who benefited most from the tax cut were the wealthy. They seemed to becoming wealthier. The Lower income/poverty Americans had more trouble getting ahead. It is all depending on what side of the economy you were on to say if â€Å"reaganomics† worked or not. 90’s The Gulf War After serving as Vice President under President Ronald Reagan, President George W. Bush became president in 1988. President Bush faced a world that was drasticly changing, after forty years the cold war had come to an end,The Berlin wall came down, and the communist empire was no longer. The hardest challenge President Bush was to face was when Iraq invaded Kuwait. On August 2, 1990 Iraqi President Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait one of the major oil producing countries in the Middle East. He was also threatining to move into Saudi Arabia. Americans were in fear because without receiving oil from Kuwait the prices would sky rocket. Iraq’s invasion came about after p. 6 The Forever changing Events of the 1950’s -1990’s Kuwait lowered the world price for oil production by increasing it’s own oil production. Iraq was in debt to Kuwait and Saudi Arabia and with low world prices on oil production Iraq would never be able to pay off their debt. President Bush called upon the United Nations and operation Desert storm began. America sent 40,000 troops and 118,000 troops from allied nations. The United nations also sent a quarter of a million soilders to Saudi Arabia also known as Operation Dessert Shield. These troops were mostly Americans and sent to protect Saudi Arabia. Suddam Hussien had been highly trained in chemical war fare and was makin and testing chemical warfare wweapns of mass destruction. Suddam was testing these weapons on his own people and the American troops found and destroyed these weapons. Operation Desert Storm eventually conquard Iraq’s million-man army. The war lasted exactly 100 hours and 40,000 troops were involved. Many of the soilders came home with what they call Gulf War Syndrome. Democrats protested the war, however it was needed and The President called on all to help. Ultimately Suddam was left in power and refused to allow the United Nations to conduct any and all inspections for chemical weapons of mass destructions. Suddam began harboring terrorist and providing training for them. With his own little terrorist army and a safe place to train the could prepare for retaliation. If you look back on these events from the 1950’s – 1990’s you will see how they shaped America as we know it today. All of these events had a dramatic impact on Americans, and our society socially, economically and politically. We are still very much affected by these and many p. 7 The Forever changing Events of the 1950’s -1990’s other events of these decades. As we go through our own eras and decades much of it seems to be the same, in many ways. Presently we ourselves are going through much of the same obstacles, war, recession, civil rights, unemployment and poverty. We will continue to face these things as we continue to grow as a country. In ten years I believe there will still be the same things effecting America for it seems that history just repeats itself. References Page 1950’s McCarthyism/ â€Å"The Red Scare† was retrieved April 20, 2010 from http://www. eisenhower. utexas. edu/Research/Digital_Documents/McCarthy/Mccarthydocuments. html (2002 )Written by Barbara Mack – Pagewise retrieved from http://www. essortment. com/all/mccarthyismred_rmfw. htm 1960 African American Civil Rights movements of the 1960’s Written by Toonari and retrieved on April 20, 2010 from http://www. africanaonline. com/civil_rights. tm African American Civil Rights movements of the 1960’s retrieved on April 20, 2010 from http://www. pbs. org/wnet/aaworld/timeline/civil_01. html 1970’s The Watergate Scandal (2002) Written by Noell Wolfgram Evans retrieved on April 22, 2010 from http://www. essortment. com/all/watergatescand_reji. htm (2010) The Washington Post Company retrieved on April 22, 2010 f rom http://www. washingtonpost. com/wp-srv/politics/special/watergate/ 1980 Reaganomics (April 1996), Christopher Frenze Chief Economist to the Vice-Chairman retrieved on April 22, 2010 from http://www. house. ov/jec/fiscal/tx-grwth/reagtxct/reagtxct. htm (1979-89)Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. â€Å"Chronology of Ronald Reagan’s Presidency, 1979-89. † retrieved on April 22, 2010 from http://www. reagan. utexas. edu/archives/reference/preschrono. html (accessed 18 May 2005) 1990’s President Bush and the Gulf war was retrieved on April 21, 2010 from http://www. whitehouse. gov/about/presidents/georgehwbush (January 17, 2001) A National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book Edited by Jeffrey T. Richelson retrieved on April 22, 2010 from http://www. gwu. edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB39/

Orange-To-Black Halloween Clock Reaction

Orange-To-Black Halloween Clock Reaction The Old Nassau or Halloween reaction is a clock reaction in which the color of a chemical solution changes from orange to black. Heres how you can do this reaction as a chemistry demonstration and a look at the chemical reactions that are involved. Halloween Chemical Reaction Materials WaterSoluble starchSodium metabisulphite (Na2S2O5)Mercury(II) chloridePotassium iodate (KIO3) Prepare the Solutions Solution A: Mix 4 g soluble starch in a couple milliliters of water. Stir the starch paste into 500 ml boiling water. Allow the mixture to cool to room temperature. Add 13.7 g of sodium metabisulphite. Add water to make 1 liter of solution.Solution B: Dissolve 3 g mercury(II) chloride in water. Add water to make 1 liter of solution.Solution C: Dissolve 15 g potassium iodate in water. Add water to make 1 liter of solution. Perform the Halloween Chemistry Demonstration Mix 50 ml solution A with 50 ml of solution B.Pour this mixture into 50 ml of solution C. The color of the mixture will change to an opaque orange color after a few seconds as the mercury iodide precipitates. After another few seconds, the mixture will turn blue-black as the starch-iodine complex forms. If you dilute the solutions by a factor of two then it takes longer for the color changes to occur. If you use a smaller volume of solution B the reaction will proceed more rapidly. Chemical Reactions Sodium metabisulfite and water react to form sodium hydrogen sulfite:Na2S2O5 H2O → 2 NaHSO3 Iodate(V) ions are reduced to iodide ions by the hydrogen sulfite ions:IO3- 3 HSO3- → I- 3 SO42- 3 H When the concentration of iodide ions becomes sufficient for the solubility product of the HgI2 to exceed 4.5 x 10-29 mol3 dm-9, then orange mercury(II) iodide precipitates until the Hg2 ions are consumed (assuming an excess of I- ions):Hg2 2 I- → HgI2 (orange or yellow)If I- and IO3- ions remain, then an iodide-iodate reaction takes place:IO3- 5 I- 6 H → 3 I2 3 H2OThe resulting statch-iodine complex is black to blue-black:I2 starch → a blue/black complex

Creating the Decision Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Creating the Decision Environment - Essay Example Groupthink occurs when the group is highly cohesive and when they are pressured to make better decisions .this occurs when pressure from the unanimity seem to be more influential. Additionally, the group pressure leads to carelessness and irrational thought since the groups experiencing the considerable group thinking fails to take the alternative as they seek to maintain unanimity. Most decisions that are shaped by group thinking have a lower probability of achieving successful results. Group thinking has become a consequential phenomenon that occurs because of the desired groups being in a consensus and therefore overriding the people’s common sense. The desire to represent the alternative and assessing critically the position, at the same time expressing the unpopular view of the group. The desires of the group that come into a common cohesion cause a very effective drive upon a good decision making strategy and an appropriate style to solve any arising problems. When pressures for unanimity seem overwhelming, members are less motivated to reasonably consider the alternative courses of action available to them.  These group pressures lead to carelessness and irrational thinking since groups experiencing groupthink fail to consider all alternatives and seek to maintain unanimity. In fact, groupthink is not commonly recognized in that Groupthink is a behavior that is found in some situations or even across several types of groups in the team settings. It is therefore important to look out for the key symptoms as group thinking involves the following symptoms: After a number of successes the group starts feeling like any decision that they make is the best and the most right one because of the common disagreement from any other source. The brainstorming technique has helped in allowing the ideas to flow freely with no disapproval. Peer pressure expresses itself in and opposing opinion of the team members and questions that are rationale behind their

Iranian Nuclear Program and its implications for the stability and Essay

Iranian Nuclear Program and its implications for the stability and security of the Region - Essay Example Iran’s nuclear program began in the 1950s when the United States assisted the Shah to build 20 nuclear power reactors as part of the state’s modernization efforts. In addition to this, research and development efforts were conducted during the Shah’s tenure on fissile material production. But, in the aftermath of the Iranian Revolution in 1979, all nuclear activity was halted. Research and further nuclear development activity resumed in recent years. The Iran-Iraq War was responsible for the re-emergence of an intensified effort to develop nuclear capability. Instead of the benign objectives of the Shah previously, the purpose of the current Iranian nuclear program is in line with the military and defence aims of the state. And, after the Iraqi threat, the nuclear weapons development would later came to be publicly aimed at Israel and the United States. A more sober and conservative analysis of the Iranian objective was laid down by Charles Mayer (2004): As a small status quo state, Iran has no overt military ambitions beyond its borders. Its grand strategy is to foster a Gulf leadership role while providing a credible deterrent to any future attack.